prohibition Essays -- essays research papers

Prohibition, which was also known as The Noble Experiment, lasted in America from 1920 until 1933. There are quite a few results of this experiment: innocent people suffered; organized crime grew into an empire; the police, courts, and politicians became increasingly corrupt; disrespect for the law grew; and the per capita consumption of the prohibited substance—alcohol—increased dramatically, year by year. These results increased each of the thirteen years of this Noble Experiment, and they never returned to the levels that existed before 1920. Prohibition did not happen instantly, it settled on the country gradually, community by community, town by town, and eventually state by state for almost a century. The onset of National Prohibition in 1920 was merely the final blow. The first of the laws, such as the one in Virginia in 1619, through New Hampshire's law of 1719 were against drunkenness, not against drinking. The first law that limited liquor sales was implement ed because of the religious beliefs of citizens. This particular law was passed in New York in 1697; it ordered that all public drinking establishments be closed on Sunday because, on the Lord's day, people should be worshiping the Bible not the bottle. In 1735, the religious had a prohibition law enacted for the entire state of Georgia. The law was a complete failure and was abandoned in 1742. For the most part, however, during the 1700s and early 1800s, those opposing liquor on religious grounds used sermons and persuasion rather than politics and laws to make their point. These persuasive efforts were known as the Temperance Movement, and its goal was to get everyone to voluntarily temper use of spirits. Maine went completely dry in 1851 and, by 1855, so had New Hampshire, Vermont, Delaware, Michigan, Indiana, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and New York Alabama passed a Prohibition law in 1907 which became effective on January 1, 1909. Also i n Alabama, the publishing of liquor advertisements and the circulation of other materials containing alcohol and liquor advertisements were prohibited in 1915. By 1920, thirty-three states encompassing 63% of the country had already voted themselves dry (Cherrington 344). The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America was ratified by the necessary number of states on January 29, 1919 ... ... 166-169) There were also many people who were harmed financially by Prohibition. The people that were involved in the production and the sale of alcohol. These people either had to completely lose their jobs or literally become criminals. There were also the thousands of people that worked in the various bars, hotels, restaurants and the like that their livelihood depended on the sale of alcohol. â€Å"No beer, no work,† was a slogan that was adopted by the Essex county New Jersey Building Trades Council (Pegram 91-95). Also, from an economic standpoint Prohibition was very expensive. To be able to figure out the exact financial cost to America during this thirteen year period would be almost impossible. The costs to the law enforcement offices, the courts, the operation of the jails and many other factors has been estimated at over a billion dollars. (Fisher 102) Prohibition also had a few good effects on America. Women took an important though small step toward personal freedom, and for a while lawmakers were slightly less likely to prohibit things (Rose 131). Though the effects of this time period were mostly negative Prohibition’s effects on America are still seen today.

A Review of the Role of Entrepreneurship in Stimulating Economic Growth Essay

They also further states that entrepreneurs have been responsible for growth and development over the centuries and are identified as the key role players in the economy of every country. The paper identifies the different definitions of an entrepreneur which are identified as the different channels in which entrepreneurship lead to economic growth, reduced unemployment and increased levels of income among countries. As a result of the role of entrepreneurship in any country, most countries emphasises on integrating entrepreneurial activity in its economic policy. A discussion is made on developing economies mainly South Africa, China, Brazil and Russia comparing the entrepreneurial activity within the economies. Economic growth is best defined as a long-term expansion of the productive potential of the economy. It is measured by the comparing the difference between the Gross National Product (GNP) in a year with the GNP of the previous year. A growing economy is when the difference is positive. The term simply refers to an increase in the ability to produce goods and services. It is easier to define unemployment when there is an understanding of the term economic growth. Unemployment refers to when a person who is actively searching for employment cannot find work to do. This is an instrument used to determine the healthiness of an economy. After knowing the levels of unemployment in an economy, determining the level of income distribution becomes a bit projected. The level of income in an economy refers to the way in which in money is distributed among the population in an economy. The above three defined terms has a link to each other. The level of economic growth have a direct proportional influence on the possible jobs available in the economy while a reciprocal relationship exist between the level of income in the particular economy and levels of unemployment. The level of income is directly proportional to economic growth. Also, the level of unemployment is directly proportional to the level of income in an economy. However, all the above aspects are influenced by the level of entrepreneurship in the particular economy. An economy with high activity of entrepreneurship is more likely to be characterized by high economic growth, reducing levels of unemployment and increasing levels of income while an economy with low entrepreneurial activity on the other hand can be characterized by low economic growth, high levels of unemployment and low levels of income. Entrepreneurship cannot be separated from the following terms â€Å"economic growth†, â€Å"employment† and â€Å"country income level distribution† as all the entrepreneurial activities contribute largely to economic growth, levels of employment and income distribution. Different nature of entrepreneurs stimulates the growth of an economy in different ways. In any country with high levels of entrepreneurial activities or which experienced high entrepreneurial activity, the economy tends to be of middle to high income and the unemployment levels tend to be decreasing if not low. However, economies with low income distribution are characterised by low entrepreneurial activities and mostly, there are significant levels of unemployment. Such low income economies have high records of poverty which leads them to seek donors. Different authors made contributions on this topic and this paper compares and links the information obtained into a comprehensive review. The term entrepreneurship has been defined by Schumpeter (1934) as lying in the perceptions and exploration of new opportunities in the realm of business. He further states that it always has to do with bringing about a different use of resources in that they are withdrawn from their traditional employ and subjected to new combinations. Schumpeter relates entrepreneurship to be influenced by entrepreneurs who are innovative and hese people have to be extra-ordinary as they have to come up with extra-ordinary events. They come up with new technological possibilities hence are able to establish large businesses from these. Carland etal. (1984) confirms that an entrepreneur is someone innovative and further says that he or she employs strategic management practices in the business. Timmons (2000) believes entrepreneurship as the process of creating a nd seizing an opportunity and pursuing it, regardless of resources currently controlled. Nieman and Nieuwenhuizen (2009) define an entrepreneur as the person who sees an opportunity in the market, gathers resources and creates and grows a business venture to meet these needs. They also further states that he or she bears risk of the venture and is rewarded with profit if it succeed. With different definitions of entrepreneurship defined by different authors through the way they define an entrepreneur, the researcher generally defines entrepreneurship as the act of being an entrepreneur who establishes business through the organisation of resources taking risk with the aim of realising profit. The Schumpeterian entrepreneur as defined above is innovative. In support for this, Curran and Stanworth (1989) defines entrepreneurship as the creation of new economic entity centred on a novel product or service or, or at the very least, one which differs significantly from products or services offered elsewhere in the market. Such entrepreneurs play a very crucial role in stimulating economic growth. They come up with huge organisations which can be monopolies in the economy. With the nature of big businesses, they would be more likely to produce large volumes of product increasing the GNP thereby contributing significantly to economic growth. With their capacity to produce large volumes, such organisation would take considerable number of employees hence reducing unemployment. By employing people, such entrepreneurs contribute to the increased levels of income in an economy. Another author Kirzner presents a different way in which entrepreneurship can be influenced by an entrepreneur through the way he defines an entrepreneur. According to Kirzner, the entrepreneur is someone who is alert to profitable opportunities for exchange. Such an entrepreneur believes in gathering the needed information, refining and providing it to those in need of it. Such entrepreneurs act as intermediaries for example between suppliers and customers. They are also very important in the growth of an economy as they facilitate inception, incubation of businesses through the provision of supportive information. The information they provide acts as a catalyst into venturing into business and builds confidence to emerging businesses. Emerging businesses require business support for them to have high chances of success hence the Kirzner entrepreneur makes the perfect match for such new businesses whose success lies on business support services. Such an entrepreneur can offer business support services such as business counselling, business mentoring and business incubation.

Employment Law: Equal Pay for women in the workplace

Research Question Has the Equality Act 2010 improved the way women are treated within the workplace with respect to equal pay? Hypothesis Statement The pre-existing struggles that women have been faced with in regards to equal pay have not been addressed by the recent reforms within this area. This is because, although the Equality Act 2010 was welcomed as a vehicle for the radical reform of equal pay, women are still treated less favourable than men. Accordingly, the problems that arose from the Equal Pay Act 1970 are still in existence and so further reform is needed if inequality is to be eradicated. Case Law Abdulla and others v Birmingham City Council [2013] 1 All ER 649 Allen v GMB [2008] EWCA Civ 810 Bates van Winkelhof v Clyde & Co LLP and another [2013] 1 All ER 844 Blackburn v West Midlands Police [2008] All ER (D) 50 (Nov) Defrenne v Sabena (No 2) Case C-t3/75 [1976] ECR 455 Eaton Ltd v Nuttall [1977] ICR 272 Enderby v Frenchay Health Authority Case Case C-127/92 [1993] ECR I – 5535 Redcar & Cleveland BC v Bainbridge; Surtees v Middlesbrough BC [2008] All ER (D) 386 (Jul) Ideas for Methodology Approach In undertaking the research for this study, both a quantitative and qualitative approach will be undertaken so that a comprehensive analysis can be made. Both primary and secondary research will therefore be adopted by looking at various academic opinions, relevant legal rules, theories and principles. This will be done by accessing text books, journal articles, online legal databases and governmental reports. These can be accessed by undertaking a library search as well online databases such as Lexis Nexis and Westlaw. Reference to Relevant Legal Theory and Social Policy Implications The rights of women and men to receive equal pay has been subject to continuous debate for some time and the fact that women are still being discriminated against in the workplace suggests that the law cannot â€Å"effect genuine equality† (Smart, 1989, p. 3). This has serious social policy implications since it is made clear under s. 11 of the 2010 Act that discrimination on the grounds of a person’s sex is a protected characteristic and is therefore prohibited. Article 14 of the European Convention of Human Rights 1951, as incorporated by the Human Rights Act 1998, also protects women from being discriminated against within the workplace. Nevertheless, the fact that many organisations fail to treat men and women the same when it comes to equal pay suggests that the law is unable to protect women from discriminatory treatment within the workplace. As put by Rhode (1990, p. 617); â€Å"gender equality cannot be obtained under existing ideological institutional structur es.† This causes legal implications in respect of equal pay and fails to allow equality for all to be attained (Wacks, 2012, p. 305). Relevant Books, Journals and Reports Baker, N. The Equality Act 2010. Company Secretary’s Review, Tolley’s Practical Business Fortnightly for Companies. 34 CSR 13, 102, Issue 13, (2010). Bamforth, N. Malik, M. and Cinneide, O. Discrimination Law: Theory and Context, Text and Materials, Sweet & Maxwell Ltd, 1st Edition, (2008). Connolly, M. Discrimination Law: Victimisation, Industrial Law Journal, ILJ 2002 31 (156) (2), Issue 2, (01 June, 2002). European Industrial Relations Review. Report on Gender Pay Gap, 388 European Industrial Relations Review 28, (2006). Equality and Human Rights Commission,.Equal Pay’ Creating a Fairer Britain, (2010), [available] from accessed 06 May, 2013. Pigott, C. Employment: A Step Change for Equality, New Law Journal, 160 NLJ 749, Issue 7419, (28 May, 2010). Pigott, C. Employment: Justifying Unequal Pay, New Law Journal, 159 NLJ 55, Issue 7352, (16 January, 2009). Wilson, D. Playing Fair, Pay & Benefits, 38. Issue 7, (2010). Rowbottom, D. Re-Inventing the Collective Approach to Equal Pay, 155 New Law Journal 1701. Issue 7200, (2005). Smart, C. (1989) Feminism and the Power of the Law, London, Routledge. Smith, I. and Baker, A. Smith & Wood’s Employment Law. OUP Oxford. 10th Edition, (2010). TUC. ‘The Union Makes Us Strong: TUC History Online’ [available] from accessed 05 May, 2013. Wacks, R., (2012) Understanding Jurisprudence: An Introduction to Legal Theory, OUP Oxford, 3rd Edition.

Analysis of Hidesign Company

Analysis of Hidesign Company Hidesign is an Indian company started in the year 1978 by Dilip Kapur (Kachru 2011, p. 131). The company has been manufacturing affordable luxury leather goods for the last 30 years. As such, the company produces extensive collections of leather products such as belts, bags, and other leather accessories.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Hidesign Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ways Hidesign should have explored further products Since the year 2010, the company has extended its brand through the production of other luxury products such as sunglasses, watches, and pens. Other than focusing on the productions of these products, there are other ways the company should have explored to increase its brand. The company should have considered entering into the cosmetic business. Currently, the company has opened a number of stores in several countries. This implies that the credibility of the companyâ₠¬â„¢s products cannot be doubted. Therefore, the company should have taken an advantage of their reputation and expand its business by diversifying into a cosmetic business. Over the last century, the cosmetic industry has been expanding rigorously. This does not imply that the company would have ready market once they expand their brand into this business. The company would have to develop good and quality cosmetic products before launching them. Equally, the company should have expanded its brand by diversifying into the service industry. In India, there is abundant human labour force (Hoffmann 2011, p. 25). Thus, emerging companies should find ways of tapping the cheap labour force to increase their returns. In the same way, Hidesign should have exploited this advantage by diversifying into the service industry.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Example of lifesty le-related portfolios targeting Indian youths The strong purchasing power of young Indians is forcing most companies to adopt new approaches in marketing their products. Companies focused on a wide range of products such as cosmetics, services, and social media advertising are insistently associating themselves with younger audience. In the recent past, these companies have launched online platforms for their brands. Through these platforms, the youths can be engaged. Equally, through these platforms the youths can view and order the products produced by these companies through the e-commerce business platforms. Another reputable company that sells luxury products in India is Genesis Colours (Hoffmann 2011, p. 45). Genesis Colours was established in the year 2001. By the year 2008, the company had expanded its operations to international market. Given the time the company took to break into the international market, Genesis Colours is considered one of the fastest growing companies in India. Unlike any other Indian company, Genesis Colours embraces British, Italian, and French taste in their products enabling them to compete with other international companies. Owing to their rapid success and growth, Hidesign should emulate the mode of operations and management in this company. Through this, the company would be equipped with relevant international business knowledge. How Hidesign should leverage its association with Louis Vuitton In the year 2007, a French company by the name Louis Vuitton bought a 26% stake in Hidesign.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Hidesign Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Given the fact that the operations of this French company are different from the operations in the Indian company, the association between the two companies attracted a lot of media attention. There were several speculations, which were pointed out on why the French company was inves ting in the company. Through this association, the two companies can enhance their brand equities by leveraging their associations. Unlike Hidesign, Louis Vuitton is an international company known all over the world. To enhance its presence and influence in the Indian market, Louis Vuitton should enhance its relationship with Hidesign Company. In return, Hidesign Company will benefit from the association through co-branding. Eventually, Hidesign will increase its sales internationally because of co-branding with a reputable international company. Equally, to leverage their association the two companies should link their products and market them together. By doing so, the two companies will increase their sales both locally and internationally. Through the above initiatives, the two companies will reduce the cost of positioning and introducing their products (Kumar 2009, p. 48). The only disadvantage associated with this association is that the two companies might lose control of the ir brands. The best method for Hidesign to take when going international Just like any other company, Hidesign aims at taking their products to the global market. Before a company breaks into the international market, they have to overcome several challenges. As such, taking a company into the global market is a costly task. It has taken Hisesign more than 30 years to be where there are currently positioned in the regional market. This proves that it takes several years before local companies accumulate enough resources to break into the international market (Mamoria 2003, p. 123).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When the time comes for Hisesign to enter into the international market, its international growth will be well worth the wait. As such, the company can follow certain steps to achieve this long awaited achievement. First, the company has to guard its ideas. This requires that the company patent its ideas in several countries it aims at selling its products (Heitzman 2006, p. 67). Thereafter, the company should hire attorneys in these countries. These attorneys will help the company in handling issues related to foreign currencies and legal challenges (Terpstra 2002, p. 23). After this, the company should recognize and adapt to cultural differences in these countries. Through this, the company can identify the hidden cost of doing business in these countries. Equally, through the above initiatives, the company can equip itself with labour laws in these specific countries. Lastly, the company should diversify its global network. This may require the company to do business with compani es with opposing ideas to increase their understanding of international business (Gisler 2012, p. 10). The risk and challenges of the company becoming a global lifestyle brand If the company manages to be a global lifestyle brand, it will be faced with several risks and challenges (Cateora 2004, p. 12). These problems are economic and financial challenges, foreign politics, and challenges in formulating an international approach. When a company breaks into the international market, it is usually faced with the challenge of formulating and implementing an international approach. After breaking into the international market, Hidesign’s executives will be forced to alter their thought patterns to be in line with international market. These changes are normally challenging for small companies such as Hidesign. Although there are several international companies, it should be noted that a few of them have formulated appropriate international approach. A major challenge that is face d by a company after entering into an international market is foreign politics. Political expertise is so crucial for companies working on the global stage (Bradley 2001, p. 32). Because of government changes, international companies are forced to review their plans more often. For Hidesign, they have to make appropriate political decisions in countries they operate. The company should note that any political disarray would have a negative impact on the financial systems affecting on their business. Another major risk that the company may face after entering into an international market is economic challenges (Belch 2001, p. 34). In the host nations, changes in exchange rates, oil rates, and tariff barriers might affect the cost of doing business. Therefore, Hidesign should be fully aware of these risks and come up with appropriate measures to tackle the challenges when they arise. References Belch, G. E 2001. Advertising and promotion: an integrated marketing communications perspec tive. Irwin/McGraw-Hill. Boston. Bradley, F 2001. International marketing strategy. Prentice Hall. New York. Cateora, P 2004. International marketing. R.D. Irwin. Homewood Gisler, R 2012. Best practices, limitations, and pitfalls for companies entering the Indian luxury goods market: the Mà ¶venpick Ice cream case study. University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland. Olten. Heitzman, J 2006. India: a country study.The Division. Washington, D.C. Hoffmann, J 2011. Luxury strategy in action. Palgrave Macmillan. Basingstoke. Kachru, U 2011. India, land of a billion entrepreneurs. Dorling Kindersley. New Delhi. Kumar, N 2009. Indias global powerhouses: how they are taking on the world. Harvard Business Press. Boston, Mass. Mamoria, C 2003. The Luxury Market in India: Maharajas to Masses. Kitab Mahal. Allahabad. Terpstra, V 2002. International marketing. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. New York.

Howard Aiken, Grace Hopper and the Mark I Computer

Howard Aiken, Grace Hopper and the Mark I Computer Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper designed the MARK series of computers at Harvard University beginning in 1944.   The Mark I   The MARK computers began with the Mark I. Imagine a giant room full of noisy, clicking metal parts, 55 feet long and eight feet high. The five-ton device contained almost 760,000 separate pieces. Used by the U.S. Navy for gunnery and ballistic calculations, the Mark I was in operation until 1959. The computer was controlled by pre-punched paper tape, and it could carry out addition, subtraction, multiplication and division functions. It could refer to previous results and had special subroutines for logarithms and trigonometric functions. It used 23 decimal place numbers. Data was stored and counted mechanically using 3,000 decimal storage wheels, 1,400 rotary dial switches and 500 miles of wire. Its electromagnetic relays classified the machine as a relay computer. All output was displayed on an electric typewriter. By todays standards, the Mark I was slow, requiring three to five seconds to accomplish a multiplication operation. Howard Aiken   Howard Aiken was born in Hoboken, New Jersey in March 1900. He was an electrical engineer and physicist who first conceived of an electro-mechanical device like the Mark I in 1937. After completing his doctorate at Harvard in 1939, Aiken stayed on to continue the computers development. IBM funded his research. Aiken headed a team of three engineers, including Grace Hopper. The Mark I was completed in 1944. Aiken completed the Mark II, an electronic computer, in 1947. He founded the Harvard Computation Laboratory that same year. He published numerous articles on electronics and switching theories and ultimately launched Aiken Industries.   Aiken loved computers, but even he had no idea of their eventual widespread appeal. Only six electronic digital computers would be required to satisfy the computing needs of the entire United States, he said in 1947. Aiken died in 1973 in St, Louis, Missouri.   Grace Hopper   Born in December 1906 in New York, Grace Hopper studied at Vassar College and Yale before she joined the Naval Reserve in 1943. In 1944, she started working with Aiken on the Harvard Mark I computer. One of Hoppers lesser-known claims to fame is that she was responsible for coining the term bug  to describe a computer fault. The original bug was a moth that caused a hardware fault in the Mark I. Hopper got rid of it and fixed the problem and was the first person to debug a computer.   She began research for the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation in 1949  where she designed an improved compiler and was part of the team which developed Flow-Matic, the first English-language data processing compiler. She invented the language APT and verified the language COBOL.   Hopper was the first computer science Man of the Year in 1969, and she received the National Medal of Technology in 1991. She died a year later, in 1992, in Arlington, Virginia.

Policy development Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Policy development - Case Study Example The sports are girls filed hockey, boys’ football, boys and girls’ soccer, lacrosse, and archery. Every sport require a game time on the one outdoor field. It is impossible to drop any sport because all of them are important (Baird 2011, p. 78). It is also illegal and uncomfortable to use a field that is not within the school compound. Students are required to carry out all their activities within the school. There are several ways of handling the matter. The problem of land as a limited resource is a common problem in all institutions. Wisdom is applied to make use of what is available. The school has to participate in all the sports. Leaving out any one of them will amount to discriminating the group of students who play those games. The school’s principles work to eliminate any form of discrimination by promoting equity and fairness. There is an option of finding a field outside the school compound. The option has some limitations. There is an option of partitioning the field into small portions but this also has some limitations (Baird, 2011). The third option is to prepare a schedule of events on when every sport takes place. However, the third option is limited by the existence of a parallel school schedule which we have to give priority. All the options have limitations. A solution can be to find another field outside the premises of the school. Students will waste time going to a field located off the school property. Acquiring a field implies an additional cost. The process of accessing funding to undertake such a project is involving as it is difficult to get approval. The second option of partitioning the field is limited by the small land available. The school compound can only accommodate one outdoor field (Baird 2011, p. 96). The school has no option but to work with the small land available. Another option is to form a schedule by planning the time in which every sport takes place. There is a challenge of coming up

Argument 3 History of 1650 - 1850 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Argument 3 History of 1650 - 1850 - Essay Example As history has it, she went through a period of struggles and hardships before she became a sovereign state which could conduct its business at its own bidding. This paper spans the history of America between 1650 and 1850. This period was marked by United States of America’s worst and best of times. The American Indians, sometimes referred to as the Red Indians, were the indigenous inhabitants of the present United States of America. The term Red Indians comes from their culture of painting their faces red when they were going for war. The Indians were a peaceful people, who cherished their family ties. They were also very prayerful and creative. Their life was led in solitude, like they belonged in their own world. Nature was foremost in their priority since they revered it and saw it as a gift from their gods. In the period between 1539 and 1542, the Spaniards attacked the Indians. There were about 600 Spaniards led by Hernando de Soto. They went about the south eastern par t of what is known today as the United States of America, killing, raping and making slaves of the Indians. There were a lot of retaliatory attacks from the Indians who were always suspicious of the Spaniards’ visits. ... Twenty two of their men died and scores others sustained arrow wounds which were fatal. Not spared in the conflict were their horses which either died or were injured such that they were no longer useful in combat. Some Indians even resorted to hanging themselves instead of falling into the hands of the Spaniards. The coming of the Europeans brought with it a lot of upheavals in the calm Indians’ way of life. The discovery of America opened the Pandora’s Box which led to the invasion of America. This invasion paved way for the forced relocation of the America Indians. The American Indians were a people who were so passionate about their culture and way of life. Therefore, they did not take the European’s actions kindly. Wars were fought and blood was shed in a bid to defend their heritage. Most of them died in these battles as they were attacked with all manner of weapons, even biological. Small pox, measles and other virus were released among them and this incre ased their death them toll. A number of them eventually sided with the Europeans but others chose to relocate to the West of the country. This was especially driven by Andrew Jackson’s Removal Act of 1830. The American Indians eventually gained the respect and recognition that had for along time been denied to them. Museums have since been constructed to preserve their history and as tribute to a great people who first rebelled against foreign occupation. The American Indian struggle is just the first of many more struggles for freedom that were to follow throughout the American history. America’s walk to freedom was never an easy one right from these old times. The Indians were dominated upon, they were made to suffer before the final freedom was achieved.