Stalin vs. Hitler Essay Example For Students

Stalin vs. Hitler Essay Josef Stalin, a politician from the earliest beginnings of his life, strove to achieve a national sense of power during his reign over the citizens of Russia. Adolf Hitler, however, a born high school dropout somewhat longed for a place in life. He rather fell into his role as a politician, after his brief shortcomings in arts and sciences. These two individuals developed varying ideas to put their controlling minds to work to lead their political parties in the direction of total domination of the state. In the beginning Josef Stalin was a worshiper of his beloved Vladimir Lenin. He followed his every move and did as he said to help establish and lead the Bolshevik party. Much of the early part of his political career was lost due to his exile to Siberia for most of World War I. It wasnt until 1928, when he assumed complete control of the country were he made most of his success. After Lenins death in January 1924, Stalin promoted his own cult followings along with the cult followings of the deceased leader. He took over the majority of the Socialists now, and immediately began to change agriculture and industry. We will write a custom essay on Stalin vs. Hitler specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now He believed that the Soviet Union was one hundred years behind the West and had to catch up as quickly as possible. First though he had to seal up complete alliance to himself and his cause. Stalin saw a need to sure up the allegiance to him by all who were under him. Therefore, he needed to fight out against those who opposed him. So for the rest of 1924, the Politburo continued to argue about the future of the Soviet economy. The fiercest argument was between Stalin and Trotsky over Trotskys theory of permanent Revolution. Trotsky thought that Communism could not survive in the USSR alone. He argued that the capitalist countries of the West feared Communism and would try to destroy it. For this reason, he said, it was necessary to spread Communism to the countries of Western Europe and to their overseas colonies. This would be done by giving help to revolutionary groups and parties in Western Europe. Stalin put forward an opposite theory the theory of Socialism in One Country. He argued that the USSR must always come first in the governments plans. The rest of the world must take second place. The Communists should concentrate on building up the economy of the USSR, not waste money on helping revolutionary groups abroad. With a strong, modern, and prosperous economy, the capitalist countries would never dare to attack the USSR. Trotskys theory was not popular among Party members. The Russians had set up an organization to help revolutionaries in other countries back in 1919. Its name was Comintern, short for Communist International. Comintern had already backed several attempts at revolution in European countries over the past five years, and all had failed. Trotskys theory therefore looked unworkable. Faced with mounting criticism from Party members, he resigned from his government post as Commissar for War in 1925. During his argument with Trotsky, Stalin joined forces with the Rightists: Bukharin, Rykov and Tomsky; who wanted to continue Lenins New Economic Policy. Stalin joined them not because he agreed with NEP, but because he hoped they would help him to drive Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev out of the Politburo. Sure enough, with the help of the Rightists, Stalin made sure that Trotsky was always voted down in the Politburo. He also arranged for his supporters to vote against Trotsky in meetings of the Party Central Committee. He even saw to it that his supporters booed Trotskys supporters in public meetings. At the end of 1925 Stalins position was strengthened when the Party Congress elected three of his old friends to the Politburo. With their help, Stalin was able to secure the dismissal of Trotsky, Kamenev and Zinoviev from the Politburo. In 1927, Trotsky and Zinoviev were also expelled from the Party. Now that Stalin had gotten rid of Trotsky and his supporters, he turned against the Rightists who wanted to continue with NEP. In 1928, Stalin argued in favor of ending NEP, and expanding industry as fast as possible. Bukharin and the Rightists tried to argue against him. But now that Stalin had a majority of supporters in the Politburo, their arguments fell on deaf ears. At the start of 1929, Bukharin, Rykov and Tomsky resigned from the Politburo. Meanwhile, in 1928, Trotsky had been deported to Alma Ata in Soviet Central Asia. In 1929, he was exiled from the USSR all together. Stalin was now supreme leader of the USSR. Trotsky, however, had not heard the last of the argument, for Stalin was determined to wipe him out of political life all together. While Trotsky went to live in Turkey, and then in France and finally in Mexico, Stalin made sure that all traces of his life in the USSR were wiped out. Trotskys name was removed from all official publications and photographs of him were destroyed. As we shall see, his supporters in the USSR were purged from the Party and, in many cases, imprisoned or killed. Finally, in 1940, the NKVD, the secret police, arranged for Trotsky to be murdered. Posing as a supporter of Trotsky, one of their agents talked his way into Trotskys heavily guarded house, pulled out an ice-axe from beneath his coat and buried its point in Trotskys skull. Trotsky died of his wounds a day later, on 21 August 1940. .ue825ba49966abd4ca835c93f97637b2a , .ue825ba49966abd4ca835c93f97637b2a .postImageUrl , .ue825ba49966abd4ca835c93f97637b2a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue825ba49966abd4ca835c93f97637b2a , .ue825ba49966abd4ca835c93f97637b2a:hover , .ue825ba49966abd4ca835c93f97637b2a:visited , .ue825ba49966abd4ca835c93f97637b2a:active { border:0!important; } .ue825ba49966abd4ca835c93f97637b2a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue825ba49966abd4ca835c93f97637b2a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue825ba49966abd4ca835c93f97637b2a:active , .ue825ba49966abd4ca835c93f97637b2a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue825ba49966abd4ca835c93f97637b2a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue825ba49966abd4ca835c93f97637b2a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue825ba49966abd4ca835c93f97637b2a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue825ba49966abd4ca835c93f97637b2a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue825ba49966abd4ca835c93f97637b2a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue825ba49966abd4ca835c93f97637b2a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue825ba49966abd4ca835c93f97637b2a .ue825ba49966abd4ca835c93f97637b2a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue825ba49966abd4ca835c93f97637b2a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Adam Reres EssayAs Stalin fought to assure a sound political foundation, he was very interested in turning around the economy to make Russia a world economic power. His first agenda was to instill his first five-year plan. The Soviet economy at the time was concentrated in agriculture. Stalin believed that Russia had to modernize and become more industrialized. He believed that this could only be achieved by creating a command economy and forcing farmers and the industry to modernize. Stalin set high goals for the industry and by the second year of his plan he had a growth rate of 50%. Collectivization was also part of his plan. This was an attempt to modernize the industry by taking over all firms and businesses. Each business or factory was given a target that it had to meet every year for a five-year period. Punishment for failing to meet objectives was brutal, and the extreme extent was the execution of the factory managers. One of the major results of the five-year plans was the impressive industrial and agricultural development throughout Russia. Adolf Hitler, started out in a different setting than his power hungry counterpart Josef Stalin. Hitler was born in a completely different country than which he choose to command power in. Since there are strong similar ties in bloodlines between Austrians and Germans, Hitlers father had a few relatives who were of German decent. He spent most of his early childhood failing out of grammar school and dreaming to become a famous artist. Upon his mothers death he officially moved to Vienna, where he tried to attend the Academy for the Arts. His portfolio was not up to the standards of the Academy for him to be admitted as a student; so for much of the remainder of his time in Vienna, Hitler sold his paintings and attended shows and concerts as a member of the middle class would. He put up this front living off of the pension from his father to support his costly lifestyle as a fraud. Adolf Hitler later moved to Munich and after a brief attempt to flee from the drafted service into the Austrian army, Hitler joined the German army to fight on the front line in World War I. He was a communications headquarter runner on the eastern front of the German side for most of the war before being discharged and sent home due to injury in the line of duty. After being discharged from the hospital, Hitler was determined to take up a political role in order to destroy the peace settlement that he denounced as intolerable. Like many Germans, Hitler was shocked and dismayed by Germanys defeat in the First World War. By chance, he attended a meeting of a newly formed political party in Munich in 1919. He decided to join, and within a short time, he had gotten rid of the original leaders and begun to shape the party in ways that reflected his own ideas. The party was the National Socialist German Workers Party. It was a nationalist party in that it wanted Germany to recover the power and prestige that it had lost as a result of its defeat in the First World War. It was Socialist in that it attacked the rich in a number of ways, for example, demanding the abolition of unearned income such as profits from stocks and shares. The combination of nationalism and a kind of Socialism was unusual. It was one that Hitler hoped would win much support from ordinary Germans. The importance of the Nazi Party at this time should not be exaggerated. It was only one of many small parties that sprung up during those years in Munich. However, it was a force to be reckoned with. Hitler proved to be an excellent orator capable of arousing great enthusiasm in an udience. With uniforms, marching songs, cheerleaders and the changing of slogans, Nazi meetings were carefully planned to rouse people to frenzy. Hitler also formed a section of the party known as the Sturmabtellung, or storm troopers. Their job was to deal with hecklers at Nazi meetings as well as to break up the meetings of Hitlers political opponents. The wave of discontent arising out of the French occupation of the Ruhr in 1923 led Hitler to feel that the time had come for him to try to seize power in Bavaria, as a first step to taking over control of the government in Berlin. The Nazi beerhall putsch (so named because it was in a Munich beer cellar that Hitler announced the formation of his new government of National Revolution) was a fiasco. When Nazi brown shirts marched on the center of Munich, loyal troops opened fire. Sixteen Nazis were killed and many of their leaders, including Hitler, taken prisoner. Hitler however, turned this failure to his advantage. His trial, which was reported throughout Germany, gave him the opportunity to make known his views to a much wider audience. He received the most lenient sentence possible: five years in prison. .uab63696609acf76b319efe1dedec6f04 , .uab63696609acf76b319efe1dedec6f04 .postImageUrl , .uab63696609acf76b319efe1dedec6f04 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uab63696609acf76b319efe1dedec6f04 , .uab63696609acf76b319efe1dedec6f04:hover , .uab63696609acf76b319efe1dedec6f04:visited , .uab63696609acf76b319efe1dedec6f04:active { border:0!important; } .uab63696609acf76b319efe1dedec6f04 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uab63696609acf76b319efe1dedec6f04 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uab63696609acf76b319efe1dedec6f04:active , .uab63696609acf76b319efe1dedec6f04:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uab63696609acf76b319efe1dedec6f04 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uab63696609acf76b319efe1dedec6f04 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uab63696609acf76b319efe1dedec6f04 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uab63696609acf76b319efe1dedec6f04 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uab63696609acf76b319efe1dedec6f04:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uab63696609acf76b319efe1dedec6f04 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uab63696609acf76b319efe1dedec6f04 .uab63696609acf76b319efe1dedec6f04-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uab63696609acf76b319efe1dedec6f04:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Christopher Columbus the Liar EssayIn fact, he only served nine months of the sentence, in conditions of considerable comfort. In prison he found the time to write the account of his political views known as Mein Kampf, (My Struggle), this book became the bible of the Nazi Party. The Nazis failed to increase their support in elections during the prosperous years 1924-29. This period, however, saw many developments in the organization of the Party: the creation of party units in northern Germany, the formation of a Hitler youth movement, the establishment of a Nazi trade union known as the German Labor Front, the holding of mpressive annual party rallies. Hitler had realize d that it had been a mistake to try to seize power by force. Such actions only lost the sympathy of groups such as the army and the middle classes whose support he was hoping to attract. In 1929, Hitler joined forces with the conservative National Party in a campaign against the Young Plan. This helped the Nazis appear more respectable. At the same time it brought Hitler into contact with some of Germanys leading industrialists, from whom the Nazi Party was soon to receive a great deal of financial support. On the evening that Hitler was appointed Chancellor in January 1933, huge crowds filed past the Chancellery building in Berlin. Carrying lighted torches and shouting Heil, Heil, Sleg Heil ,the hundreds of thousands of them marched until the early hours of the morning. Hitler, standing on the balcony taking the salute, must have felt that the hour for which he had been waiting for so many years had at last come. That same evening many other Berliners stayed in their homes, depressed, anxious and frightened about the future. Hitler had come to power with the support of the President, the army and many conservative politicians. They all hoped to be able to use him for their own purposes. Hitler, however, was determined that this would not happen. His aim was complete power for himself. His first step was to announce new elections for the Reichstag, hoping this time to gain an overall Nazi majority. Now that he was in control of the government, he was able to use new ways of influencing people: censoring the press, dismissing civil servants who opposed the Nazis, giving police duties to the SA. The whole election campaign was marked by extreme Nazi violence against political opponents, especially against the communists. A week before the election, the Reichstag building in Berlin went up in flames. Blamed on the communists, the Reichstag Fire provided Hitler with the excuse to issue an emergency decree suspending all liberties guaranteed by the Weimar Constitution. The Fire was almost certainly started by the Nazis, but most German people did not suspect this at the time. As a result of the fires, fifty-one anti-Nazis were murdered. The Nazis suppressed all political activity, meetings and publications of non-Nazi parties. The very act of campaigning against the Nazis was in effect made illegal. Nazi newspapers continued to print false evidence of Communist conspiracies, claiming that only Hitler and the Nazis could prevent a Communist takeover. Joseph Goebbels now had control of the State-run radio and broadcast Nazi propaganda and Hitlers speeches all across the nation. The Nazis now turned their attention to election day, March 5. All of the resources of the government necessary for a big win were placed at the disposal of Joseph Goebbels. The big industrialists who had helped Hitler into power gladly coughed up three million marks. Representatives from Krupp munitions and I. G. Farben were among those reaching into their pockets at Gorings insistence. With no money problems and the power of the State behind them, the Nazis campaigned furiously to get Hitler the majority he wanted. On March 5, the last free elections were held. But the people denied Hitler his majority, giving the Nazis only 44 percent of the total vote, 17,277,180. Despite massive propaganda and the brutal crackdown, the other parties held their own. The Center Party got over four million and the Social Democrats over seven million. The Communists lost votes but still got over four million. This is the deviant plan which helped Hitler reach is ultimate goal of a complete governing power by himself with no one to question his authority. These two men were very demanding in obtaining what they thought should be the rule of a nation by their own personal control. Stalin and Hitler were very close in the same way that they had an aggressive vigor to force a type of commanding dictatorship into their respective countries. Each had a special army that they put in high regard politically to where they were considered special police agents. These armies were under different orders, but their main objectives were to stop anyone who opposed, or were thought to be in opposition to the head of state. Also, both Stalin and Hitler had ideas to improve the education levels and economic prosperity of their own countries, each trying to put their own at the top of the world in industry and commerce. Although Hitler and Stalin were opposed to each others own strategies and political stance on being a world dominator, they were very similar in the way to which they fought for political power.

Tobaco Indusrty Influence essays

Tobaco Indusrty Influence essays Over the last five years, researchers have calculated that the teenage smoking rates have climbed tremendously. Graph number one shows a steady increase in the number of teenagers who smoke heavily. Graph number two shows how teenage smoking has made a comeback, and how the number of teen-agers smoke occasionally and who develop heavier habits has increased sharply in recent years. The tobacco industry and the critics have very different ideas why this rapid increase of teenage smoking is developing. The tobacco industry says the increase of teenage smoking is due to a broad range of social forces. The tobacco industry also notes that not only the use of cigarettes have increased, but also the use of marijuana and other drugs. The industry also states that teenagers tend to rebel to the increasing efforts to stop them from smoking. Tobacco industries say that the critics over exaggerate the effects of their marketing. They also point out that teenage smoking is also increasing in countries where most forms of advertising have been banned. The critics of the tobacco industry agree with the industry that rebelliousness and other forces are a contributing factor, but say it is not the prime reason of the increase in teen smoking. The critics say the industry is the most important factor to the upraise. The industrys spending on domestic advertising and promotions have soared form $361 million in 1970, to $4.83 billion in 1994. That is a 250 percent increase. A big part of the reason for the surge in teenage smoking was an expansion by both Reynolds and Philip Morris in giveaways. Items like T-shirts were given out in return for coupons accumulated by buying their cigarettes. Some critics say it is Hollywoods long love affair with smoking that seems to be heating up. Cigars, they say, symbolize success as portrayed in movies like The Associate. In conclusion whether the increase of teenage smoking is...

VRIO framework of Gillette Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

VRIO framework of Gillette - Research Proposal Example Gillette can also use its goodwill in the market to increase brand saliency. It can also show the bigness of the brand by telling people that it is a part of Gillette Family.. It should inform people that the raw-materials used by Duracell are better than those used by competitors. Using the VRIO framework, the firm can exploit its brand to help with the brand positioning. However, since competition threat is high, due to lack of barriers to entry, more competition is going enter the industry and will threat Duracell's position in the market. This will further drain the resources. However, looking from the SCP model, the firm cannot change much about the structure, it can improve its own conduct and start acting like a market leader. It can also improve the product's appeal to make it look better than competing brands of batteries. Duracell can also join hands with one of its competitor to share knowledge and technology to operate in the market as a bigger brand. This would also help the new bigger firm to exploit all the benefits of economies of scale and to lower its costs to compete with the cheaper brands of batteries. It will really helpful in improve the financial statements of the company and to tackle declining stock prices and deteriorating income statement. The company should try not to divest the brand as it would decrease the product line.

Wi-Fi Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wi-Fi - Research Paper Example It is the name given to a type of network connection that does no need any cords or physical connections to connect. Technically, it represents a type of Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) that adheres to the 802.11network standard of the IEEE. The term Wi-Fi is often mistakenly thought of as an acronym for Wireless Fidelity. What is its History? The AT&T Company’s wireless uses spread spectrum radio technology and multi carrier OFDM radio technology. This spread spectrum technology used in Wi-Fi was first introduced in the year 1985 by the US Federal communications Commission. Vic Hayes chaired IEEE for ten consecutive years. He was involved in designing standards 802.11a and 802.11b upon which Wi-Fi works. He is thus named as the â€Å"father of Wi-Fi†. The actual predecessor to Wi – Fi was invented in 1990 by the NCR Corporation/AT&T in the Netherlands. WaveLan was the name given to the first wireless products that were bought into the market. They incorporate d the speeds of 1Mbit/s to 2Mbit/s. Finally, the CSIRO, an Australian research body filed the original patents behind the Wi-Fi technology in the year 1986. How it works? Wi-Fi uses radio waves to transmit the information across a Wireless Local Area Network. It transmits information to and from the internet. Any data transfer from a website is done when the website sends information to the modem. This information is then passed on to a wireless router. This device routes data (converts information to radio waves and beams it) to your computer. This information is then interpreted by the computer with the help of wireless networking specific hardware/software. Exactly the same process occurs but only in the opposite direction when the computer wants to send information over the internet. Very often, a wireless connection operates faster than a wired broadband internet connection. Who invented? An Australian research body CSIRO was the first formal inventors of Wi-Fi in the year 1996 . How safe is it? Majority of the scientists who have assessed the safety of Wi-Fi networks advocate the fact that there is no particular evidence to the Wi – Fi connections being hazardous to health. The technology however is not very old. Thus any health hazards that may be slow would only be evident after a certain number of years. Till then it cannot certainly be judged whether a Wi Fi is safe or not. The radio waves that are used by a wireless device or network are relatively low in frequency. The 2.4GHz of radio waves used in the case of Wi-Fi are the non-ionizing type of radiation. This radiation, also used in microwaves and mobile phone communications etc., is not known to have destructive effects on human cells. There is however, one school of thought among scientists that advocates that such a frequency of radiation is harmful to chromosomes. Also, this school of thought thinks that the radiation does not merely heat up the human atoms but does much more than that. There however is no scientific evidence to prove the above facts. Another school of thought emphasizes that exposure to microwaves and cell phones using low level radiation may scientifically be harmless as yet but the exposures to these waves in the above mentioned devices are relatively for a very short period of time as compared to the exposure to a Wi-Fi router that may be located in your office or home. The spectrum that these low radiation emitting devices cover is very large and is constant. The Wi-Fi routers in the vicinity of a human being are turned on twenty four hours a day and seven days a week throughout the year. Though no scientific evidence may yet be present but Wi-Fi devices are suspected to me more of a risk than any other devices using the same low level frequency of radio waves. The WHO (World

Impact of Bullying on Child Personality

Impact of Bullying on Child Personality Munira Minaz Ali This paper discovers the bullying behavior as a common feature and, a nightmare in schools and colleges throughout the world. It is a troublesome repetition in school that infringes on child’s wellbeing, dignity and, security. The physical, academic and, psychosocial consequences of bullying can never be underrated. Therefore this paper will give insight about the meaning, extent and, causes of bulling through various theories and literature. The characteristics of bullies their victims and the effects of bullying on physical psychological health were also discussed. Finally intervention strategies that involved school system, family and children can be implemented and evaluated for both bullies and their victims. We do know that school age is a time in which a young child continues to shape up and undergo many physical and psychological developments. However during this time if the child development is disturbed by any violence and ferocity it can lead to long lasting physical, mental and emotional harm. Bullying is one of the common forms of violence that has a significant and long lasting effect. It is spacious area of interest due its negative psychological outcomes and academic performance of children. It is acknowledged as a serious problem which has an adverse effect on wellbeing of a child.This paper attempts to elucidate the causes of bullying with respect to different theories, characteristics of bully and victim, effects of bullying on victim and bully itself and at the end possible strategies would be discussed to control the act of bullying. Catherine Rothon (2011) defines bullying as â€Å"Bullying is broadly defined as a desire to hurt and the execution of a harmful action; it is characterized by repetition and either a physical or a psychological power imbalance† (p.579). In the report of anti-bullying working group, (2013) Professor Olweus regarded bullying as negative behaviors that are done deliberately and repeatedly against individuals who has trouble defending themselves (p.16). James (2010) reported that on the survey of bullying around the world, the rate of victimization is 9% -32% and rate of bullying is 3% 27%. In addition, the report of anti-bullying working group, (2013) reported the international comparison of 39 countries and showed percentage of bullied children as 39.2%. Moreover, boys are more likely to be involved in bullying and become target of physical aggression whereas girls are comparatively less involved in bullying and usually involved in spreading rumors and gossips (Moseley, 2011). This is also supported by (Boyle, 2005; James, 2010; Hanif, Nadeem Tariq, 2011). In Pakistan there is no proper statistics available about bullying but the cases of bullying are escalating every year. Bullying is characterized by a multi-factorial approach of causation. Moseley, (2011) highlighted that family life is one of the cause of bullying for instance, if authoritarian parents create a harsh and restricted environment, it can increase the chances of adopting negative behaviors. Adding to this, many children feel unloved therefore they use bullying as an opportunity to make them feel happy and stronger than victim. Besides, many children want to appear themselves dominant on others and, pretend to be tough. Gottfredson and Hirshi (1990) proposed low self-control theory as a cause of bullying. This theory elucidate that low self control is the main source of aggressive behaviors. Also, the child is insensitive to others and, likes to hunt for instant gratification (Darmawan, 2010). Another theory highlighted by Darmawan, (2010) is differential association theory which suggests that individuals associated with felonious peers or living in an offending environment are involved in unsociable behaviors and often attracted towards bullying. In regards to this, Darmawan (2010) referred social learning theory of bandura (1977) and, describe three conditions that increase the likelihood of child’s hostile behavior i.e. when the model is persuasive enough or he/she is rewarded on bad deeds rather than punishment and has comparable features with child. Furthermore, Robert Angrew (2001) proposed general strain theory which explains negatives feelings created by strain can put the child at risk of adopting delinquent behaviors and it’s a coping strategy to release their stress (Erikson, Nielsen Simonsen, 2012). Many studies found that children who suffered from physical or emotional abuse, maltreatment and, rejection are usually involved in bullying (Espelage et al., 2000). Most of the bullies resemble in their characteristics. Smokowski Kelly, (2005) stressed that they are aggressive and likes to dominate themselves. Moreover, they tend to scare others because of their physical strength and disobedient attitude. Research suggests that their families are often unfriendly and indifferent towards them (Smokowski Kopasz, 2005). Additionally, Carla Bennett, (n.d.) and Brown Patterson (2012) enlightened that they are energetic, impulsive and have high self-esteem. They use their violence to get what they want and Lack sense of empathy for their victims. They are bad-tempered and cannot tolerate frustration (Blazer, 2005; Smokowski Kopasz, 2005). In contrast, victims address peer abuse, more quiet, anxious and sensitive. They lack communication skills, problem solving ability and are unconfident. (Smokowski Kopasz, 2005).Likewise Bennett, (n.d.); Boyle (2005) identified that they are physically weak, lack interpersonal skills and, hesitate to go to school. Such children have over protective family and their Parents fail to teach conflict resolution skills (Bennett, (n.d.); Smokowski Kopasz, 2005). Psychologically bullying dispose devastating effects on child’s personality for both, victim and bully. This includes physical, academic, and psychosocial effects that have prodigious impact on individual’s life. Aluedeet al (n.d.) highlighted physical effect on victim that includes headaches, migraine, panic attacks, sweating, palpitation and frequent illness. Brown Patterson (2012) and report on anti-bullying (2013) highlighted academic effects of bullying such as poor performance and, feeling reluctant in attending school. Studies suggest that such students fail to achieve excellence academically due to inability to concentrate (Darmawan, 2010; Adams Lawrence, 2011). Besides, literature indicated that such children suffer from attention deficit disorder (Smokowski Kopasz, 2005). Furthermore, according to Fekkeset al., (2014), the chances of developing psychosocial problems are relatively higher in victims as compare to non-victims. These individual faced great diff iculty in building relationships and social adjustment. They are poor in making friends, group gathering and tends to remain alone most of the time due to the fear of getting hurt (Adams Lawrence, 2011). In regards to this, they feel isolated and, have poor sense of belonging to groups and families. Adams Lawrence, (2011) further elucidate that their insecurity has been compromised and, they go for safer and restricted areas. They usually experience estrangement and find difficulty to intermingle in a positive manner. Researchers found that these children more vulnerable to depression, anxiety disorder and in the extreme cases have suicidal ideations (Noret et al, 2009; Fekkes et al., 2014). Moreover, Smokowski Kopasz, (2005) proposed that most of the victims are likely to have sense of inferiority complex, and consider them as failures. Likewise these children also experience misperception, rage and, low self-esteem (Boyle, 2005). Apart from these effect, bullying possess long lasting distresses in later life of these young ones. When they reached adulthood, they encountered trouble in making personal relationships and adjustment in their marital life. Besides they may overreact on unimportant situations (Smokowski Kopasz, 2005). Studies indicated that in adulthood, male victims may experience shyness with women and have complications in sexual relationships. Similarly they may take part in vengeance including murder and other criminal acts (Smokowski Kopasz, 2005). However bullying does not only distress victims but it also has undesirable consequences on bully itself. Bullying also cause academic and psychosocial effects on bullies. Studies suggest that bullies have negative consequences in later life if they are allowed to bullying without any interference (Boyle, 2005). Noret et al, (2009) concluded that bullies are pervasively involved in negative behaviors. Smokowski Kopasz, (2005) highlighted that academically they achieve low grades in school and do not like school environment. They usually show low potential in employment settings in their later life. From social aspect James, (2010) elucidate that as these children grow older they develop undesirable social skills and involved in acts that are against societal norms. Additionally, they are usually involved in the acts that include vandalism, burglary and truancy (Boyle 2005; Blazer 2005). Longitudinal studies found that they are hostile and usually have few friends. They are poor in m aintaining good relationships. From Psychological aspect Smokowski Kopasz, (2005) highlighted that most of the bullies are involved in substance abuse and drug addiction. They are hyperactive and unable to control their aggression. Besides they have high self-esteem and usually fight with others to satisfy their own desires (Erikson, Nielsen Simonsen, 2012; Boyle, 2005). In regards to this, â€Å"emotional and developmental scars can persist into adolescence and beyond† (Mosley, 2011). Bullies also suffers from long lasting effects throughout their life. Patterson, (2012) regards bullying as a gateway toward the juvenile crime and criminal activities for bullies. Smokowski Kopasz, (2005) further explains that adults who were bullies as children, they generally express violent behaviors towards their spouse and use severe physical punishment on their own kids. Moreover they are unsuccessful in their life and are unable to work in corporation with others. Smokowski Kopasz, (2005) also suggested that they have increase tendency to develop mental disorders such as conduct disorder and depression in their later life. Therefore certain steps are essential to control bullying. Many schools neglect the act of bullying and consider it as a part of child’s life. James, (2010) suggested that schools and collages should take strict measures against such acts. From my point of view this can be done by developing zero tolerance policy in schools. Cohen Freiberg (2013) emphasized that school is a place of developing healthy and positive relationships therefore, I suggest that it is essential to improve school environment in such a way that it can support the weak students and prevent them to become a victim of bully. This can be done by giving professional training to staff members, limited entry exits in schools and supports the children emotionally and academically both, the victim and bully. Besides, Seeley et al., (2011) emphasized that teachers should increase the supervision of students at school settings. I recommend that it can be done by monitoring attendance, calling parents when the stu dent is absent and checking student’s activities. Moreover,in my opinion counseling should be done with both bully and victim. The bully should be counseled to control their bad conduct and victim should be counseled to strengthen them and solve their problems assertively. Moreover, blazer (2005) highlighted that many parents consider bulling as normal and it would make their children tough. Lawner Terzian (2013) suggested that parental involvement is effective in dealing with bullying. Therefore, I advise that awareness should be given to parents, to understand the seriousness of this problem so that they can reinforce positive behavior and appropriate interpersonal interaction. Moreover, the attitude of bullies can be changed by cognitive restructuring that challenges the dysfunctional thoughts. From my point of view modeling, social skills training and role play can help to change these dysfunctional thoughts. Furthermore, I understand that through short moralizing storie s and activities, student can be betrothed in the discussion related to bullying. This would help the bully in realizing their bad deed and attempts in changing their behaviors. On the other hand, this would make victims confident enough to respond assertively and to overcome their fears. Moreover, expressive art therapy needs to be made for such children. Those victims who cannot report bullying or disclose their victimization can express their feelings through writing, drawing and other activities and for bullies it’s a good way to ventilate their aggressive thoughts and feelings through drawings and writings. Other than that, I would suggest that there is a need to explore the prevalence of bullying in Pakistan due to unavailability of statistics to provide the baseline data for planning the interventions. In conclusion, bullying is a pervasive behavior. It is a complex emotional and social trend that has significant negative consequences for all. It should be addressed properly and affords should be made at both, individual and system level. As it left psychological scars on child’s personality, its prevention is essential to safe child from suffering and emotional trauma. Therefore interventions should be done appropriately and its evaluations carry intense importance. References: Adams, F. D. Lawrence,, G. J. (2011). Bullying Victims: The Effects Last Into College Authors.  American Secondary Education, 40 (1), pp. 4-13. [Accessed: 19 Mar 2014]. Aluede, O. A., Adeleke, F., Omoike, D. Afen- Akpaida, J. (n.p.). A Review of the Extent, Nature, Characteristics and Effects of Bullying Behaviour in Schools.  Journal Of Instructional Psychology, 35 (2), pp. 151-157. [Accessed: 19 Mar 2014]. Bennett, C. (n.p.).  Literature Review of Bullying at Schools. [e-book] pp. 1-20. [Accessed: 19 Mar 2014]. Blazer, C. (2005).  Literature Review on Bullying. [e-book] florida: Research Services Office of Accountability and Systemwide Performance. pp. 1-20. [Accessed: 19 Mar 2014]. Boyle, D. J. (2005).  Youth Bullying: Incidence, Impact, and Interventions. [e-book] Newark,: Violence Institute of New Jersey at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey. pp. 1-11. [Accessed: 19 Mar 2014]. Brown, C. Patterson, S. T. (2012). Bullying and School Crisis Intervention.  International Journal Of Humanities And Social Science, 2 (7), pp. 1-5. [Accessed: 19 Mar 2014]. Bullying and Mental Health. (2005). [e-book] Australia: Commonwealth of Australia. pp. 1-6. [Accessed: 19 Mar 2014]. Bullying in school: A study of Forms and Motives of Aggression in Two Secondary Schools in the city of Palu, Indonesia. (2010). [e-book] norway: Centre for Peace Studies. pp. 1-111. [Accessed: 19 Mar 2014]. Bullying in Schools: Attitudes of Children, Teachers and Parents. (2011).  INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS, 3 (8), pp. 1-7. [Accessed: 19 Mar 2014]. Cohen, J. Freiberg, A. (2013).  SCHOOL CLIMATE AND BULLYING PREVENTION. [e-book] pp. 1-5. [Accessed: 19 Mar 2014]. Copeland, W. E., Wolke, D., Angold, A. Costello, J. (2013). adult psychiatric outcomes of bullying and being bullied by peers in childhood and adolescene.  JAMA Psychiatry, 504 pp. 1-8. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.504 [Accessed: 19 Mar 2014]. Eriksen, T. L. M., Nielsen, H. S. Simonsen, M. (2012).  The Effects of Bullying in Elementary School. [e-book] Germany: pp. 1-47. [Accessed: 19 Mar 2014]. Fekkes, M., Pijpers, F. I., Fredriks, A. M. Vogels, T. (2014). Do Bullied Children Get Ill, or Do Ill Children Get Bullied? A Prospective Cohort Study on the Relationship Between Bullying and Health-Relatedsymptoms.  Pediatrics, 117 (5), pp. 1568-1574. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-0187 [Accessed: 19 Mar 2014]. Hanif, R., Nadeem, M. Tariq, S. (2011). Bullying in Schools: Attitudes of Children, Teachers and Parents.  INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS, 3 (8), pp. 1-7. [Accessed: 19 Mar 2014]. James, A. (2010).School bullying. [e-book] London: NSPCC. pp. 1-21. [Accessed: 19 Mar 2014]. Kelly Holland Kopasz, P. R. S. (2005).  Bullying in School: An Overview of Types, Effects, Family Characteristics, and Intervention Strategies. [e-book] USA: BNualtliyoinnagl Ainss oSccihatoiooln: oAfn S oOcivael rWvoierwkers. pp. 1-10. [Accessed: 19 Mar 2014]. Lawner, E. K. Terzian, M. A. (2013).  What Works for Bullying Programs: LESSONS FROM EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATIONS OF PROGRAMS AND INTERVENTIONS. [e-book] pp. 1-9. [Accessed: 19 Mar 2014]. Literature Review: Bullying. (2011). [e-book] pp. 2-6. [Accessed: 19 Mar 2014]. Literature Review: Bullying. (2011). pp. 1-6. doi:Walden University/SOCI-4080-12 [Accessed: 19 Mar 2014]. Rivers, I., Poteat, V. P., Noret, N. Ashurst, N. (2009). Observing Bullying at School: The Mental Health Implications of Witness Status.  American Psychological Association, 24 (4), p. 211–223. doi:10.1037/a0018164 [Accessed: 19 Mar 2014]. Rothon, C., Head, J., Klineberg, E. Stansfeld, S. (2011). Can social support protect bullied adolescents from adverse outcomes? A prospective study on the effects of bullying on the educational achievement and mental health of adolescents at secondary schools in East London.  Journal Of Adolescence, 34 p. 579–588. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.02.007 [Accessed: 19 Mar 2014]. Ruairà ­ Quinn T.D. (2013).  Action Plan On Bullying. Report of the Anti-Bullying Working Group to the Minister for Education and Skills. [report] pp. 1-126. Seeley, K., Tombari, M. L., Bennett, L. J. Dunkle, J. B. (2011).  Bullying in Schools: An Overview. [e-book] U.S: U.S. Department of Justice. pp. 1-12. [Accessed: 19 Mar 2014]. Veenstra, R., Lindenberg, S., Zijlstra, B. J. H., Winter, A. F. D. Verhulst, F. C. (2007). The Dyadic Nature of Bullying and Victimization: Testing a Dual-Perspective Theory.  Child Development,, 78 (6), p. 1843 – 1854. [Accessed: 19 Mar 2014].

Abortion :: essays research papers

The Right to Choose Should there be a constitutional amendment banning abortion? In society today an agreement exists that when life becomes human life, that the human being must be protected. Many religions, organizations and individuals have passionately held conflicting beliefs about when human life begins. Is a fetus a human life at conception? Or is a child a human life at birth? Today, this question goes hand in hand with that question of abortion. There is so much controversy over this delicate issue that congress has been debating over it for nearly thirty years. This comes down to yet another heated question. Should there be a constitutional amendment banning abortion? It is nearly impossible to find someone who doesn’t have an opinion about abortion and probably a strong opinion at that. Debates on this topic usually go nowhere, leaving the opponents even more committed to their positions than before. Last month marked the twenty-sixth anniversary of the Supreme Court decision of Roe vs. Wade. Prior to the case filed by Jane roe, the state of Texas made it a crime to perform a crime unless a child’s life was at stake. Jane Roe was an unmarried woman who wanted to safely and legally end her pregnancy end her pregnancy. The Supreme Court ruled that: (1) A woman and her doctor may freely decide to terminate a pregnancy during the first trimester. (2) State governments can restrict abortion access after the first trimester with laws intended to protect the woman’s health. (3) Abortions after fetal viability must be available if the women’s health or life is at risk; state governments can prohibit other abortions. The reason the Roe vs. Wade case was so important was because it has come to be known as the case that legalized abortion nationwide. At the time of the Roe vs. Wade decision, nearly two-thirds of the states outlawed abortion except to save a woman’s life. Before abortion was made legal to the majority of the states, many women lost their lives due to illegal abortion. In 1965 seventeen percent of all deaths due to pregnancy and childbirth were due to illegal abortion. The film If These Walls Could Talk portrays injuries such as this in the time period. In fact, by the time Roe restored the right to abortion, from 200,000 to1.2 million illegal abortions were performed annually and hundreds of women died every year to end unwanted pregnancies.

Main characteristics of a marketing orientated organization Essay

Marketing-oriented organization is defined to have characteristics as having FOCUS ON CUSTOMERS and the customers are regarded as top of organization chart. Continuous analysis of the marketplace helps them to adapt, promote, and differentiate their products and service to meet customers’ needs (Enterprise automation group, accessed 2009). Through satisfying customers, these organizations can get PROFITS. The STRUCTURE of marketing-oriented organization often has few layers and their policies are not very difficult. Moreover, the STRATEGIES of a market oriented organization are generally clear and flexible because it deals with â€Å"market definition and selection, positioning and differentiation, and market entry or exit decisions† (Drumwright & Kosnik, 1989). Finally, before making important decisions, organization has to carefully consider the EXPECTATIONS OF STAKEHOLDERS, their perceptions and attitudes. Analyzing Canon’s position, the company is a marketing orientated organization due to having features as customer orientation, design of organization structure, formulation of strategies and stakeholders (Blurtit, accessed 2010). It can be clearly seen that all of the company’s performances are closely related to the characteristics of marketing orientation. Firstly, all decisions of Canon consider CUSTOMERS FIRST and they share the common value of superior quality of products. Canon attaches special importance to the quality of products and customer’s convenience. This care is shown in the COMMITMENT of the company: â€Å"We are fully committed to earning the trust of customers by providing well-developed services and support along with well-designed products that are easy to use and reliable.† (Canon report 2008). According to the scenario, Canon provides products which offer users â€Å"not only convenience, quality and versatility but also a unique lifestyle†. Furthermore, in Vietnam, Canon centers have been established to provide support services before and after sales for the product line from Canon such as cameras, camcorders, printers and photocopiers (Chau An, 2009). All of these facts show that Canon is a CUSTOMER-ORIENTED company. Secondly, the ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE of Canon is flat structure. Canon focuses on â€Å"an organizational structure in which market and customer feedback is quickly relayed to development teams and swiftly reflected in products, but also the boosting of technological strength on the sales front† (Canon, accessed 2010). Thirdly, the STRATEGY OF MARKET ORIENTATION of Canon is long-term and flexible. Canon has strategies such as â€Å"reposition itself effectively through systematic long range technology forecasting, identification of product segments with high potential and introduction of products in these segments ahead of competitors† and using â€Å"globalization, alliances and innovation in a well-coordinated manner†. The strategy of Canon can be termed as â€Å"dynamic competence building in which distinctive competencies are renewed with the objective of dynamically maintaining its competitive edge†. (Bowonder and Miyake, n.d.). Recently, Canon has developed a strategy named â€Å"VICTORY†, which concentrated on Asian market including India, China and Vietnam. The strategy aims to improve the position of Canon in these markets. â€Å"Vietnam is the first destination of this plan. We are working to implement a dual strategy making Vietnam market both a production location and an important strategic market for the products of Canon†, said Hideki Ozawa – the Chairman and CEO of Canon Asia (Tuyet An, n.d.). In sum, the strategy of market orientation of Canon is very clear, solid and well-established so that Canon can carry out plans in target market effectively. Finally, Canon considers the EXPECTATIONS OF THE STAKEHOLDERS before making important decisions. Canon cares much about how well the company has met stakeholders’ expectations such as requires for information, high-level performance, and meaningful engagement (Sustain ability, accessed 2010). Nowadays, in the age of marketing orientation, businesses are led to be PROFIT-ORIENTED. Following this orientation, Canon produces what people want to buy in order to maximize profit. Grasping the idea that users favor  products which have eye-catching appearance, give them convenience, and save time, Canon has released two product lines SELPHY ES3 & ES30, laser printer LBP3250, LBP5050 & LBP 5050N. By providing market offerings that satisfy customers, Canon can also get the income. Therefore, Canon’s profit can be gained through customer satisfaction. In conclusion, Canon has characteristics of a marketing oriented organization. Canon not only concentrates on the customers’ satisfaction, having the appropriate organizational structure and formulation of strategies but also takes consideration of stakeholders. Through getting these points, Canon can achieve success as gaining profit and enhancing the position in the market.